Simultaneous Multithreading

Simultaneous multithreading, often abbreviated as SMT, is a technique for improving the overall efficiency of superscalar CPUs. SMT permits multiple independent threads of execution to better utilize the resources provided by modern processor architectures. Simultaneous multithreading allows multiple threads to execute different instructions in the same clock cycle, using the execution units that the first thread left spare. This is done without great changes to the basic processor architecture: the main additions needed are the ability to fetch instructions from multiple threads in a cycle, and a larger register file to hold data from multiple threads. The number of concurrent threads can be decided by the chip designers, but practical restrictions on chip complexity usually limit the number to 2, 4 or sometimes 8 concurrent threads.

CYBORG

Cyborg is a cybernetic organism. Cybernetics is a study of communication and control of machines, organism or a mixture of both. Cyborg is a mixture of organism and technology. An organism with any type of enhancement can be called cyborg. It is half living and half machine. The process of becoming a cyborg is called cyborgation. There are different type of cyborg such as cyborg with artificial hearts, cyborgs with retinal implants, cyborgs with brain sensors cyborgs with bionic arms etc. Also animal cyborgs such as cyborg eel, robo roach etc. Cyborg find there application mainly in military, medicine etc. Most of the soldiers in US military are undergoing cyborgation. Cyborgation is used for treatment of Parkinson’s disease, for people with vision problem etc.

QUANTUM DOT LASERS

Most modern semiconductor lasers operate based on quantum mechanical effects. Quantum well lasers have been used with impressive performance, while the novel quantum dot lasers, a subject of intense research, show a great promise. Lasers come in many sizes and can be made from a variety of resonant cavities and active laser materials. Generally, increasing confinement enforces an increasing quantization in the energy of electrons. Therefore quantum dots will re-emit light at nearly a single wave length. Quantum dots are therefore a good starting point for producing laser light

Content Srambling System

Content Scramble System (CSS) is an encryption system used on some DVDs. It uses a weak, proprietary 40-bit encryption stream cipher algorithm. The system was introduced circa 1996.. The CSS key sets are licensed to manufacturers who incorporate them into products such as DVD drives, DVD players and DVD movie releases. Most DVD players are equipped with a CSS Decryption module. CSS key is a collective term for authentication key, disc key, player key, title key, second disk key set, and/or encrypted key.

AUTOSAR

AUTOSAR(Automotive Open System Architecture) The idea behind AUTOSAR is to create an open standard for fundamental software system functions that replaces proprietary standards. This creates a plug-and-play environment where software modules slot into the overall electronic architecture without unexpectedly disrupting others The objective of the partnership is the establishment of an open standard for automotive E/E architecture. It will serve as a basic infrastructure for the management of functions within both future applications and standard software modules. The goal is to have a standardized tool chain that will guide and assist the design engineer through the complete process.

Software Radio

Software radio is the art and science of building radios using software.Given the constraints of todays technology,there is still some hardware involved,but the idea is to get the software as close to the antenna as possible.Ultimately we are turning hardware problems into software problems. A software radio is a radio whose channel modulation waveforms are defined in sofware.The fundamental characteristic is that software defines the transmitted waveforms and software demodulates the recieved waveforms. That is waveforms are generated as sampled digital signals,converted from digital to analog via a wideband DAC and then possibly upconverted from IF to RF.The reciever,similarly,employa a wideband ADC that captures all of the chnnels of the software radio node.The reciever then extracts,downconverts and demodulates the channel waveform using software on a general purpose computer.

OpenRAN

Cellular telephony networks depend on an extensive wired network to provide access to the radio link. The wired network, called a radio access network, provides such functions as power control and, in CDMA networks, combination of soft handoff legs (also known as macro diversity resolution) that require coordination between multiple radio base stations and multiple mobile terminals. Existing RAN architectures for cellular systems are based on a centralized radio network controller connected by point-to-point links with the radio base transceiver stations. The existing architecture is subject to a single point of failure if the RNC fails, and is difficult to expand because adding an RNC is expensive. Also, although a network operator may have multiple radio link protocols available, most RAN architectures treat each protocol separately and require a separate RAN control protocol for each. In this article we describe a new architecture, the OpenRAN architecture, based on distributed processing model with a routed IP network as the underlying transport fabric. OpenRAN was developed by the Mobile Wireless Internet Forum IP in the RAN working group. The OpenRAN architecture applies principles to the radio access network that have been successful in reducing cost and increasing reliability in data communications networks. The result is an architecture that can serve as the basis for an integrated next-generation cellular radio access network. Access to the radio link between multiple radio base stations and between mobile terminals. In this article we discuss a new architecture for mobile wireless RANs. The architecture, called the OpenRAN, is based on a distributed processing model with a routed IP network as the underlying transport fabric