Adaptive Cruise Control

The concept of assisting driver in the task of longitudinal vehicle control is known as cruise control. Starting from the cruise control devices of the seventies and eighties, now the technology has reached cooperative adaptive cruise control. This paper will address the basic concept of adaptive cruise control and the requirement to realize its improved versions including stop and go adaptive cruise control and cooperative adaptive cruise control. The conventional cruise control was capable only to maintain a set speed by accelerating or decelerating the vehicle. Adaptive cruise control devices are capable of assisting the driver to keep a safe distance from the preceding vehicle by controlling the engine throttle and brake according to the sensor data about the vehicle. Most of the systems use RADAR as the sensor .a few use LIDAR also. Controller includes the digital signal processing modules and microcontroller chips specially designed for actuating throttle and brake. The stop and go cruise control is for the slow and congested traffic of the cities where the traffic may be frequently stopped. Cooperative controllers are not yet released but postulations are already there. This paper includes a brief theory of pulse Doppler radar and FM-CW LIDAR used as sensors and the basic concept of the controller.

Adaptive Piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit

This paper describes an approach to harvesting electrical energy from a mechanically excited piezoelectric element. A vibrating piezoelectric device differs from a typical electrical power source in that it has a capacitive rather than inductive source impedance, and may be driven by mechanical vibrations of varying amplitude. An analytical expression for the optimal power flow from a rectified piezoelectric device is derived, and an “energy harvesting “ circuit is proposed which can achieve this optimal power flow. The harvesting circuit consists of an ac-dc rectifier with an output capacitor, an electrochemical battery, and a switch-mode dc-dc converter that controls the energy flow into the battery. An adaptive control technique for the dc-dc converter is used to continuously implement the optimal power transfer theory and maximize the power stored by the battery. Experimental result reveal that the use of the adaptive dc-dc converter increases power transfer by over 400% as compared to when the dc-dc converter is not used.

ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL

Mentally, driving is a highly demanding activity - a driver must maintain a high level of concentration for long periods and be ready to react within a split second to changing situations. In particular, drivers must constantly assess the distance and relative speed of vehicles in front and adjust their own speed accordingly.
Those tasks can now be performed by Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system, which is an extension of the conventional cruise control system.
Like a conventional cruise control system, ACC keeps the vehicle at a set constant speed. The significant difference, however, is that if a car with ACC is confronted with a slower moving vehicle ahead, it is automatically slowed down and then follows the slower vehicle at a set distance. Once the road ahead is clear again, the ACC accelerates the car back to the previous set cruising speed. In that way, ACC integrates a vehicle harmoniously into the traffic flow.

Abrasive water jet machine tools

Abrasive water jet machine tools are suddenly being a hit in the market since they are quick to program and could make money on short runs. They are quick to set up, and offer quick turn-around on the machine. They complement existing tools used for either primary or secondary operations and could make parts quickly out of virtually out of any material. One of the major advantage is that they do not heat the material. All sorts of intricate shapes are easy to make. They turns to be a money making machine.
So ultimately a machine shop without a water jet , is like a carpenter with out a hammer. Sure the carpenter can use the back of his crow bar to hammer in nails, but there is a better way. It is important to understand that abrasive jets are not the same thing as the water jet although they are nearly the same. Water Jet technology has been around since the early 1970s or so, and abrasive jets extended the concept about ten years later. Both technologies use the principle of pressuring water to extremely high pressure, and allowing the water to escape through opening typically called the orifice or jewel. Water jets use the beam of water exiting the orifice to cut soft stuffs like candy bars, but are not effective for cutting harder materials. The inlet water is typically pressurized between 20000 and 60000 Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI). This is forced through a tiny wall in the jewel which is typically .007” to .015” diameter (0.18 to0.4 mm) . This creates a vary high velocity beam of water. Abrasive jets use the same beam of water to accelerate abrasive particles to speeds fast enough to cut through much faster material

Aerospace Flywheel Development

Presently, energy storage on the Space Station and satellites is accomplished using chemical batteries; most commonly nickel hydrogen or nickel cadmium. A flywheel energy storage system is an alternative technology that is being considered for future space missions. Flywheels offer the advantage of a longer lifetime, higher efficiency and a greater depth of discharge than batteries. A flywheel energy storage system is being considered as a replacement for the traditional electrochemical battery system in spacecraft electrical power systems. The flywheel system is expected to improve both the depth of discharge and working life by a factor of 3 compared with its battery counterpart. Although flywheels have always been used in spacecraft navigation and guidance systems, their use for energy storage is new. However, the two functions can easily be combined into a single system. Several advanced technologies must be demonstrated for the flywheel energy storage system to be a viable option for future space missions. These include high strength composite materials, highly efficient high speed motor operation and control, and magnetic bearing levitation.

Axial-field electrical machines abstract

Axial-field electrical machines offer an alternative to the conventional machines. In the axial-field machine, the air gap flux is axial in direction and the active current carrying conductors are radially positioned. This paper presents the design characteristics, special features, manufacturing aspects and potential applications for axial-field electrical machines. The experimental from several prototypes, including d.c. machines, synchronous machines and single-phase machines are given. The special features of the axial-field machine, such as its planar and adjustable air gap, flat shape, ease of diversification, etc., enable axial-fled machines to have distinct advantages over conventional machines in certain applications, especially in special purpose applications.

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AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER .Electrical seminar topics

A new control scheme for a single – phase diode clamped rectifier is proposed to achieve a unity power factor, balanced neutral point voltage and constant DC-bus voltage. Four power switches are used in the rectifier to generate a three-level PWM wave form on the rectifier terminal voltage.The line current command is derived from a DC-link voltage regulator and an output power estimator. The hysteresis current Controller is used to track the line current command. To balance the neutral-point voltage, a capacitor voltage compensator is employed. The main advantages of using a three-level instead of a two-level PWM scheme are that the blocking voltage of each power switch is clamped to half the DC-bus voltage (if the off –state resistance of  power switches is equal),and the voltage  harmonic on the AC  side of rectifier is reduced.

AUTOMATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM With Full seminar Report

Distribution systems are usually composed of radial feeders. Each feeder is divided into load sections with sectionalizing switches and is usually connected to other feeders via normally open tie switches.

 When a fault occurs in the distribution system, it is firstly detected by protection relays, then a circuit breaker is opened and de-energizes the feeder where the fault exists. By operating sectionalizing switches, the faulted section is isolated and the un-faulted sections disconnected are re-energized after reclosing the circuit breaker.

As automation is introduced into the distribution systems, the above switching operations can become automated. Recent advances in digital technology have made possible the development of Distribution Automation System (DAS). The DAS offers many new opportunities for improved system operation. It provides an integrated system approach to monitoring, protection, and control.

 Distribution automation includes wide spread functions, among which feeder automation is an important aspect. By controlling line switches installed on the feeder, feeder automation functions can be accomplished by identifying and isolating permanent feeder faults and restoring service to the un-faulted feeder sections sequentially and automatically, and thus reduce significantly customer outage time. The distribution automation discussed in this paper is restricted to fault isolation, reconfiguration, and service restoration switching operations.
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Ph.D. Seminar topic Analytical and Numerical Modeling of Subwavelength Plasmonic-waveguide Components for Nanophotonic Applications

Recently, in optics there has been a surge of interest in miniaturized metallic structures
that allow sub-wavelength control of electromagnetic energy in the infrared and visible
bands of the spectrum. This results an emerging field of science known as plasmonics,
which has plethora of applications such as nanoscale optical interconnects,
chemical/bio-sensors, high-resolution microscopy, etc.
This research aims to investigate various plasmonic waveguide-based optical
components in terms of equivalent transmission-line networks. This representation
allows one to use classical network analysis tools in microwave engineering to obtain
analytical expressions that describe the transmission response of useful devices in
nanophotonics. The derived formulae provide rapid design optimization paths unlike the
computationally expensive and time consuming numerical simulations.

Advanced Optical Functionalities in Photonic Crystals

High-quality self-assembled three-dimensionally-ordered photonic crystals have been synthesized with inorganic and polymeric colloids. These crystals display a pseudo bandgap in the UV / visible / near-IR regions with high values of reflectance combined with low transmission. The stop band characteristics have been modified after infiltrating these passive photonic crystals with materials such as ZnO as well as by synthesizing active photonic crystals directly from colloids made of organic dye-polymer composites. The emission characteristics of these active species are modified by the photonic crystal    environment due to the anisotropic stop band. It has been possible to fabricate photonic crystal heterostructures as well as photonic crystal waveguides for building functionalities into photonic integrated circuits.  BJ93GJCCMXAR

Asymmetric digital subscriber line(ADSL)

Asymmetric digital subscriber line is the new modem technology to converge the existing twisted pair telephone lines into the high-speed communications access capability for various services. In reality ADSL is a modem technology used to transmit speeds of 1.5 to 6 Mbps under current technology. ADSL is designed to support different speeds in each directions at distances of upto 18000 feet. Because the speeds requested are typically to access the internet , most users look for higher download speeds and lower upload speeds. Therefore , the asymmetrical nature of this service meets those demands.

Applications of integrated Image and Ladar Sensors for UAV's

Abstract:

Small unmanned air vehicles UAV's have the potential to provide real-time surveillance information for a wide range of applications in a relatively low-cost and low risk manner. Potential applications for these include search and rescue, coastal surveillance, fire spotting, and defence.

AUTOSAR

AUTOSAR(Automotive Open System Architecture) The idea behind AUTOSAR is to create an open standard for fundamental software system functions that replaces proprietary standards. This creates a plug-and-play environment where software modules slot into the overall electronic architecture without unexpectedly disrupting others The objective of the partnership is the establishment of an open standard for automotive E/E architecture. It will serve as a basic infrastructure for the management of functions within both future applications and standard software modules. The goal is to have a standardized tool chain that will guide and assist the design engineer through the complete process.

ADVANCED IC PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES

ABSRACT
ADVANCED IC PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES

The many different functions of semiconductor devices are made possible by integrated circuits, which are built into the surface of a silicon chip (bear chip) using a complex process. If these chips could be used in unmodified form, packaging would be unnecessary, and the cost of chips reduced. However, because silicon chips are very delicate, even a tiny speck of dust or drop of water can hinder their function. Light can also cause malfunctions. To combat these problems, silicon chips are protected by packaging. There are many different technologies used for packaging components on printed circuit boards. The conventional through –hole technology has now being replaced by a new technology known as Surface Mount Technology (SMT). Surface Mount Technology is a method for constructing electronic circuits in which the components are mounted directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards (PCBs).Electronic devices so made are called Surface Mount Devices (SMDs). Various other technologies like Ball Grid Array(BGA),Flip-Chip technology, Chip-scale technology,Multichip modules are also emerging which are supposed to take over the existing packaging technologies and are can clearly be defined as future technologies in the field of IC packaging.