FACTS :A concept introduced by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)

FACTS is a concept introduced by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), USA.It is actually a group of advanced transmission technologies that rely on high speed, solid-state electronics, rather than electromechanical devices. By this concept, the apparent impedance of a transmission line is controlled according to certain algorithm. Thus the power system operation is made more reliable, controllable and efficient.

FACT system is a promising method, which can be implemented into the system for enhancing system stability by damping out system oscillations. At the heart of FACT are thyristors, which permit control and switching of megawatt levels of power within milliseconds.

Electronic fuel injection system

In the electronic fuel injection system we use different sensor unit to assess accurate data from various engine parts and which is applied to Engine Control Unit (ECU), such as air manifold pressure, engine speed, crank shaft angle. ECU uses the data to calculate the required amount of fuel in the particular engine condition. This seminar deals with the basic principle of Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI).

Electric tractions:A pollutions free and energy efficient mode of transportations

Continuous development in semiconductor technology for the last three decades or more have led to the availability of a host of high power semiconductor devices and fast versatile VLSI (very large scale integration ) chips enabling proper control of such power devices. These developments have enabled a phenomenal growth of power electronics which basically deals with processing of electric power to make it suitably for various applications. A major application of power electronics in this period has been in the field of railways tractions all over the world. This had led to benefits like smoother drives for passenger comfort, energy conservation, higher operational speeds, cost effective maintenance besides helping the growth of electronics industry in general. Indian railways are helping the growth of electronics industry in general. Indian railways are one of the largest railways systems in the world and offer a big scope for applications of power electronics. From the late 60s few efforts have been made to introduce such systems with mixed results. Greater challenge lies before the Indian industry to make use of this particular application area for its growth.
Electric tractions is a pollutions free and energy efficient mode of transportations, it offers excellent alternative source of energy other than fossil fuels. Indian railways decided to go in for 25kv ac systems and selected main line heavy density routes.

Electronic nose(E-noses) A System that detect and identify odours and vapours

The harnessing of electronics to measure odour is greatly to be desired. Human panels backed up by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are helpful in quantifying smells, but they time are consuming, expensive and seldom performed in real time in the field. So it is important that these traditional methods give way to a speedier procedure using and electronic nose composed of gas sensors. Electronic nose are E-noses are the systems that detect and identify odours and vapours, typically linking chemical sensing devices with signal processing, pattern recognition and artificial intelligence techniques which enable uses to readily extract relevant and reliable information.

CTs and PTs

With the increasing demand for electric power, the economics of power transmission requires the use of high transmission line voltages. This leads to escalation of cost for conventional CTs and PTs.

This paper provides an economical alternative, for the use of CTs and PTs for the measurement of current and voltage. The method is an optical method using lasers. The method employs two types of devices; free path and enclosed path devices. The basic principle of the optical method is based upon magneto-optic effect, electro optic effect and the electro gyration effect.

This paper concludes with the suggestion for future development. Instead of using free path, the enclosed path method is suggested.d88eafd484ee4ecf974e07836d1f6d30

Cryptography is the art of devising codes and ciphers

Cryptography is the art of devising codes and ciphers, and cryptoanalysis is the art of breaking them. Cryptology is the combination of the two. In the literature of cryptology, information to be encrypted is known as plaintext, and the parameters of the encryption function that transforms are collectively called a key.
Cryptology took on many forms in the centuries between the fall of Rome and the dawn of the Industrial Age. By the late 19th century, with the advent of the telegraph and wireless radio, cryptology took its permanent place as an important component of commercial, military and diplomatic communications. Rudimentary mechanical and electromechanical encoding inventions developed at the turn of the 20th century and through World War I laid the foundation for stronger and more efficient cipher devices.
With the dawn of the computer age, the possibilities for encryption methods and devices expanded exponentially. Machines with blazing fast computing power gave cryptographers the ability for the first time to design complicated encryption techniques.
The next great evolution in cryptology came with the introduction of microprocessor-powered computers. The rapid deployment of increasingly powerful desktops quickened the pace of cryptographic development, since even a moderately skilled computer user could break many of the algorithms in use.
Cryptology is more deeply rooted in every part of our communication and computing world than when it was first employed by ancient peoples. We use it to protect everything from e-mail to e-commerce transactions to personal diaries. As our dependency upon technology increases, so too will our dependency upon cryptography. After all, we all have things we want to keep secret.

Contactless Energy Transfer System (CETS)

Most mains operated equipment in use today is connected to the supply via plugs and sockets. These are generally acceptable in benign environments but can be unsafe or have limited life in the presence of moisture. In explosive atmospheres and in undersea applications special connectors must be used. This paper describes a technique, the Contactless Energy Transfer System (CETS), by which electrical energy maybe transmitted, without electrical connections or physical contact, through non-magnetic media of low conductivity. CETS, which has been used to transfer upto 5KWs across a 10mm gap, employs high frequency magnetic coupling and enables plug in power connections to be made in wet or hazardous environmental conditions without the risk of electric shock, short-circuiting or sparking. Energy may be transmitted without the necessity for accurately manufactured “plug and socket” mechanisms and may be transmitted from source to load even when there is a relative motion. Load source voltage matching may be made inherent to the system.