CAMLESS ENGINE

The cam has been an integral part of the IC engine from its invention. The cam controls the “breathing channels” of the IC engines, that is, the valves through which the fuel air mixture (in SI engines) or air (in CI engines) is supplied and exhaust driven out. Besieged by demands for better fuel economy, more power, and less pollution, motor engineers around the world are pursuing a radical “camless” design that promises to deliver the internal – combustion engine’s biggest efficiency improvement in years. The aim of all this effort is liberation from a constraint that has handcuffed performance since the birth of the internal-combustion engine more than a century ago. Camless engine technology is soon to be a reality for commercial vehicles. In the camless valve train, the valve motion is controlled directly by a valve actuator – there’s no camshaft or connecting mechanisms .Precise electro hydraulic camless valve train controls the valve operations, opening, closing etc. The seminar looks at the working of the electro hydraulic camless engine, its general features and benefits over conventional engines. The engines powering today’s vehicles, whether they burn gasoline or diesel fuel, rely on a system of valves to admit fuel and air to the cylinders and let exhaust gases escape after combustion. Rotating steel camshafts with precision-machined egg-shaped lobes, or cams, are the hard-tooled “brains” of the system. They push open the valves at the proper time and guide their closure, typically through an arrangement of pushrods, rocker arms, and other hardware. Stiff springs return the valves to their closed position. In an overhead-camshaft engine, a chain or belt driven by the crankshaft turns one or two camshafts located atop the cylinder head.
A single overhead camshaft (SOHC) design uses one camshaft to move rockers that open both inlet and exhaust valves. The double overhead camshaft (DOHC), or twin-cam, setup does away with the rockers and devotes one camshaft to the inlet valves and the other to the exhaust valves

ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL

Mentally, driving is a highly demanding activity - a driver must maintain a high level of concentration for long periods and be ready to react within a split second to changing situations. In particular, drivers must constantly assess the distance and relative speed of vehicles in front and adjust their own speed accordingly.
Those tasks can now be performed by Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system, which is an extension of the conventional cruise control system.
Like a conventional cruise control system, ACC keeps the vehicle at a set constant speed. The significant difference, however, is that if a car with ACC is confronted with a slower moving vehicle ahead, it is automatically slowed down and then follows the slower vehicle at a set distance. Once the road ahead is clear again, the ACC accelerates the car back to the previous set cruising speed. In that way, ACC integrates a vehicle harmoniously into the traffic flow.

Abrasive water jet machine tools

Abrasive water jet machine tools are suddenly being a hit in the market since they are quick to program and could make money on short runs. They are quick to set up, and offer quick turn-around on the machine. They complement existing tools used for either primary or secondary operations and could make parts quickly out of virtually out of any material. One of the major advantage is that they do not heat the material. All sorts of intricate shapes are easy to make. They turns to be a money making machine.
So ultimately a machine shop without a water jet , is like a carpenter with out a hammer. Sure the carpenter can use the back of his crow bar to hammer in nails, but there is a better way. It is important to understand that abrasive jets are not the same thing as the water jet although they are nearly the same. Water Jet technology has been around since the early 1970s or so, and abrasive jets extended the concept about ten years later. Both technologies use the principle of pressuring water to extremely high pressure, and allowing the water to escape through opening typically called the orifice or jewel. Water jets use the beam of water exiting the orifice to cut soft stuffs like candy bars, but are not effective for cutting harder materials. The inlet water is typically pressurized between 20000 and 60000 Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI). This is forced through a tiny wall in the jewel which is typically .007” to .015” diameter (0.18 to0.4 mm) . This creates a vary high velocity beam of water. Abrasive jets use the same beam of water to accelerate abrasive particles to speeds fast enough to cut through much faster material

Aerospace Flywheel Development

Presently, energy storage on the Space Station and satellites is accomplished using chemical batteries; most commonly nickel hydrogen or nickel cadmium. A flywheel energy storage system is an alternative technology that is being considered for future space missions. Flywheels offer the advantage of a longer lifetime, higher efficiency and a greater depth of discharge than batteries. A flywheel energy storage system is being considered as a replacement for the traditional electrochemical battery system in spacecraft electrical power systems. The flywheel system is expected to improve both the depth of discharge and working life by a factor of 3 compared with its battery counterpart. Although flywheels have always been used in spacecraft navigation and guidance systems, their use for energy storage is new. However, the two functions can easily be combined into a single system. Several advanced technologies must be demonstrated for the flywheel energy storage system to be a viable option for future space missions. These include high strength composite materials, highly efficient high speed motor operation and control, and magnetic bearing levitation.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):most modern scanning techniques

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most modern techniques which uses the principle of magnetic resonance to create the images of body parts for diagnostic purposes. When the resonating magnetic object is a an automatic nucleus, it is called nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) the use of NMR to produce images of the body is called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Magnetic nuclei in the human body act like tiny bar magnets with north and south poles. When the body is placed in a large magnetic field, these bar magnet 1ine with the external magnetic field. Then by passing a radio frequency pulse through the body some of these little magnets absorb energy and change direction. When the radio waves are turned of, the body’s nuclei return to the original orientation releasing the absorbed energy and this is processed by a computer in to image.

Maglev: A combination of super conducting magnets and linear motor technology

Ever since the discovery of the wheel, man has been in constant pursuit to achieve better and faster means of transportation. Maglev means magnetic levitation. It is the system which magnetically levitates the vehicle. These ultra high speed trains are acting as an indispossible resource to make the world smaller.

Maglev is a generic term for a family of technologies in which a vehicle is suspended, Guided and propelled by magnetic forces. the basic idea of a maglev is to levitate it with magnetic fields. So there is no physical contacts between the train and rails. Recent developments in cryogenics, superconductivity, power electronics, aerodynamics and vehicle dynamics has led to a renewed. Maglev can move people and goods with much mobility and speed, using much less energy at lower cost and with greatly reduced pollution compared to the existing modes of transport.

Fault localization on ungrounded and high resistance grounded low voltage systems

One of the most common and difficult problems to solve in industrial power systems is the location and elimination of ground fault. Ground faults that occur in ungrounded and high resistance grounded systems do not draw enough current to trigger circuit breaker or fuse operation, making them difficult to localize. Techniques currently used to track down faults are time consuming and cumbersome. A new approach developed for ground fault localization on ungrounded and high resistance grounded low voltage systems is described. The system consists of a novel ground fault relay that operates in conjunction with low cost indicators permanently mounted in the circuit. The remote fault relay employs digital signal processing to detect the fault, identify the faulted phase and measure the electrical distance of the fault from the substation. The remote fault indicators are used to visually indicate where the fault is located. The resulting system provides a fast, easy, economical and safe detection system for ground fault localization.